ChatGPT: The book series Uglies, plastic surgery standards/restrictions, genetic doping, nanotechnology, and full dive VR (FDVR)

Me:

Regarding the Uglies series by Scott Westerfeld (please write as much as you can on each subject while being concise, using multiple reply messages as necessary):

[The Pretty Committee] Citizens must abide by their city’s Pretty standards of surgery—even if you were tall to begin with, after surgery, you can’t be too tall because otherwise other Pretties in the city would die of congestive heart failure?

Can’t have too high of cheekbones because their organs would get pulled and hurt?

Can’t have cat eyes for the same reason—plus they wouldn’t be able to see?

Immune system boost doesn’t print out new organs for them?

Or is it something to do with their brains/nerves(?)?

Hair can’t be too dark or too light—why?

Same with eyes?

What if they’re white with iridescent glitter?

What if white eyes are found to be scientifically the most attractive (as I think they are)?

Are the no extreme lightness/darkness standards evidence of brainwashing/lesions?

What about eyes, hair, and skin that can change color without needing to surge?

What if they change color depending on the weather?

What if they had genetic doping/engineering and were making people stupid—would this have been a much different story?

Is that justified since you’d need a government to perform the surgeries either way (unless the surgeons/scientist it’s ran away and brought supplies with them like Maddy and Az)?

How would a story with the same characters play out if the only difference was instead of everyone getting plastic surgery at 16, they got genetically doped?


ChatGPT:

Height: The surgery ensures that Pretties don't become too tall, as excessive height could lead to congestive heart failure in other Pretties. This restriction helps maintain a balance in the population's physical characteristics.

Cheekbones: The surgery limits the height of cheekbones to prevent organ displacement or discomfort. Extreme changes in facial structure could potentially disrupt the functioning of internal organs.

Cat eyes: Cat-like eyes are not desirable because they could hinder vision and cause potential harm. The focus is on preserving functionality and avoiding any risks associated with altered eye structures.

Immune system boost: The surgery doesn't involve printing out new organs. Its purpose is to enhance the immune system and improve overall health, rather than replacing or modifying specific organs.

Brain and nerves: While the series doesn't explicitly mention surgery's effects on the brain or nerves, the focus is primarily on physical appearance and health rather than cognitive or neurological changes.

Hair and eye color: The restrictions on hair and eye color aim to maintain a certain aesthetic balance within the society. Extreme variations in color may be considered unconventional or unattractive by the standards set by the Pretty Committee.

White iridescent glitter eyes: While white eyes with iridescent glitter may be visually striking, it is not specified how such a trait would be perceived within the society of the Uglies series. Beauty standards in the series are dictated by the Pretty Committee, which emphasizes a specific set of criteria.

Brainwashing/lesions: The absence of extreme lightness or darkness standards does not necessarily indicate brainwashing or lesions. It could simply reflect the preferences and aesthetic choices of the society portrayed in the series.

Color-changing features: Natural color-changing abilities in eyes, hair, or skin without the need for surgery are not explored in the Uglies series. The focus is primarily on the societal impact of surgical transformations and the themes of conformity and individuality.

Genetic doping/engineering: If the story involved genetic doping or engineering instead of plastic surgery, it would introduce a significant change in the narrative. Genetic modifications could potentially impact various aspects, such as physical abilities, intelligence, or personality traits. The dynamics among the characters and their choices would likely be different, exploring the consequences and ethics of genetic manipulation rather than cosmetic surgery.

Government and surgeries: In both scenarios, whether it's plastic surgery or genetic manipulation, a governing body or authority would likely be involved in overseeing and performing the procedures. The role of the government in maintaining control and enforcing societal norms is a central aspect of the Uglies series.

Me:

Instead of thinking about [what] the author would conclude/emphasize/explore, talk about the most likely scenarios (and their order of likelihood) given the characters’ personalities are the same as in the original story.


ChatGPT:

Rebellion against genetic manipulation: The characters, particularly Tally Youngblood and her friends, have shown a strong inclination towards questioning and rebelling against the oppressive nature of their society. It is likely that they would also resist genetic doping, considering the potential loss of individuality, autonomy, and the ethical implications of such modifications. They would probably form a resistance movement to fight against the government's control over genetic engineering.

Pursuit of freedom and self-discovery: Just as in the original series, the characters would strive for personal freedom and self-discovery. They might embark on a journey to find alternative solutions or a place where genetic doping is not enforced. Their quest would involve challenging the existing norms, seeking independence, and exploring their true identities.

Dilemmas and moral conflicts: The characters, especially Tally, have been known to grapple with moral dilemmas throughout the original series. If genetic doping were introduced, they would face new ethical challenges related to the manipulation of human traits and potential consequences on society. This could lead to internal conflicts and the need to make difficult choices.

Unintended consequences: Genetic manipulation often carries unintended consequences. The characters might encounter unexpected side effects or discover hidden agendas behind the genetic engineering practices of their society. They would uncover the risks associated with tampering with human genetics and the negative impacts it has on individuals and the broader community.

Collaborative alliances: Just as in the original story, the characters would likely form alliances with like-minded individuals who share their concerns about genetic doping. They would join forces to resist and expose the government's genetic manipulation agenda, forming a network of rebels and allies to fight against the system.

Exploration of personal identity: The characters' journey of self-discovery would delve into questions of personal identity and the true nature of humanity. They would navigate the complexities of their own genetic enhancements, examining whether their identities are shaped by their genetic makeup or their choices and experiences.

Me:

You talked a lot about the similarities the stories would share. What differences would take place, plot-wise? Not just substituting “genetic manipulation” for “plastic surgery.”


ChatGPT:

Ethical dilemmas and scientific debates: The introduction of genetic doping would bring forth new ethical dilemmas and scientific debates. The characters would engage in discussions about the boundaries of genetic manipulation, its consequences on individuality and society, and the potential risks associated with altering human genes. These debates could drive the plot and influence character motivations and decisions.

Genetic rebellion and underground movements: Instead of focusing primarily on physical appearance and societal conformity, the story would likely involve a rebellion against genetic manipulation itself. Characters would seek ways to resist and counteract the government's control over genetic enhancements. Underground movements or secret societies might form, aiming to protect natural genetic diversity and human autonomy.

Exploration of genetic limitations and flaws: The characters would delve into the limitations and flaws of genetic doping. They might discover that genetic enhancements come with unforeseen drawbacks, such as increased susceptibility to certain diseases or a loss of emotional depth and complexity. These revelations could challenge the characters' beliefs and prompt them to question the desirability of genetic manipulation.

Uncovering government conspiracies: In addition to the existing themes of government control and manipulation, the story would involve uncovering government conspiracies related to genetic engineering. The characters might stumble upon hidden agendas, such as the intentional suppression of intelligence or the creation of a genetically obedient population. Unraveling these conspiracies could become a central plot point.

Genetic diversity as a source of strength: While the original series highlighted the beauty of individuality, a story focused on genetic doping would emphasize the value of genetic diversity as a source of strength. The characters would recognize that natural genetic variation contributes to adaptability, resilience, and the evolution of humanity. They would work to protect and celebrate this diversity rather than conforming to a standardized genetic template.

Expanding the scope of scientific exploration: Genetic manipulation would open up new avenues for scientific exploration within the story. The characters might encounter scientists or researchers who are experimenting with different genetic modifications, both beneficial and detrimental. This expanded scientific backdrop could introduce more complex ethical dilemmas and raise questions about the responsible use of genetic technology.

Redefining beauty and identity: The concept of beauty would likely undergo a significant shift. Instead of focusing solely on physical appearance, the characters would explore the complexities of identity in a world where genetic traits can be altered. The story would delve into the internal struggle between one's genetically enhanced self and the search for genuine self-acceptance and personal identity beyond genetic modifications.

Me:

What are some details that might be unexpected to sci-fi fans familiar with cyberpunk dystopias like Edgerunners, particularly regarding the differences between the Pretty Committee standards in Tally’s city vs. Diego?


ChatGPT:

Focus on physical appearance: While both settings feature dystopian societies, the emphasis on physical appearance in the Pretty Committee standards of Tally's city might be unexpected for fans of cyberpunk. Cyberpunk dystopias often revolve around themes of technology, virtual realities, and societal oppression, whereas the Uglies series explores the consequences of a beauty-obsessed society and the pressure to conform to physical ideals.

Lack of cybernetic enhancements: In many cyberpunk settings, characters often have cybernetic enhancements, such as robotic limbs or augmented reality interfaces. However, in Tally's city, the focus is on surgically altering physical features rather than incorporating technological augmentations into the body. This distinction highlights the divergence between the two genres in terms of the approach to modifying and enhancing human capabilities.

Absence of advanced technology: In Edgerunners and other cyberpunk stories, advanced technology is usually pervasive, influencing every aspect of society. In contrast, the Uglies series presents a world that is not as technologically advanced. While certain technologies exist, such as hoverboards and advanced medical procedures, the society in Tally's city relies more on traditional surgical techniques rather than high-tech enhancements.

Government-controlled beauty standards: The Pretty Committee in Tally's city establishes and enforces the beauty standards that citizens must adhere to through mandatory surgery. This centralized control over appearance is distinct from the often decentralized power structures and corporate dominance seen in many cyberpunk dystopias, where multiple factions or corporations vie for control.

Limited exploration of virtual reality: In cyberpunk narratives, virtual reality and immersive digital worlds are commonly explored. However, in the Uglies series, virtual reality is not a central focus. The story primarily centers around physical transformations, personal identity, and societal norms, with minimal emphasis on the digital realm.

Ideals of conformity and rebellion: While both settings involve elements of conformity and rebellion, the motivations and dynamics differ. In cyberpunk, rebellion often arises from marginalized groups challenging oppressive systems. In the Uglies series, rebellion is driven by characters questioning the superficiality and control imposed by the beauty standards, aiming for individuality and freedom of choice.

Me:

Diego was the city in Specials, the last book in the official Uglies trilogy.

I think it’s interesting how you mentioned that Tally’s city (Seatac) isn’t as technologically advanced, and virtual reality is nonexistent. Uglies takes place in a post-apocalyptic society, and things like a “hole in the wall” that produces customized clothing on-demand let the reader know that in terms of goods and money, it’s essentially a post-scarcity world. Perhaps virtual reality exists but isn’t as enjoyable to the Pretties as living out their real-world fantasies that they’ve had since they were kids.

What advances in technology and public policy result in the easiest path to a world like Tally’s (minus the lesions/brainwashing and restrictions) as opposed to a world where one’s fantasies can only be lived out virtually? Would self-replicating nanos be enough, or would this result in unforeseen consequences like a refusal to work (which might be unnecessary anyway as robotics would be widespread and available on-demand) or follow society’s laws and ethics (would mind control be necessary then? Or would cameras and police drones be sufficient?) or a depletion of natural resources (explored in the fourth installment in the Uglies series, Extras—the protagonist’s city decided to run on a “reputation economy,” in which every person became a blogger/influencer/YouTube star and those with the most views got the best apartments)—I’m not sure how self-replicating nanos work, but if everything including air and water could be produced from them, perhaps this wouldn’t be an issue?

ChatGPT:

Advanced fabrication technology: Self-replicating nanos or similar advanced fabrication technology could indeed be a significant factor. If these nanos were capable of efficiently producing a wide range of goods, including customized clothing and other necessities, it could contribute to a post-scarcity environment where material resources are readily available. This could reduce the incentive for individuals to prioritize virtual experiences over real-world fulfillment.

Robotic automation: Widespread adoption of advanced robotics and automation would play a crucial role in eliminating the need for human labor in mundane or repetitive tasks. This would free individuals to pursue their passions and real-world fantasies without the burden of traditional work. With the availability of on-demand robotics, people could focus on creative endeavors or engage in meaningful pursuits aligned with their interests.

Surveillance and enforcement: Maintaining law and order in such a society would require a combination of surveillance technologies, such as cameras and drones, along with efficient enforcement mechanisms. While mind control may not be necessary, robust surveillance systems could help ensure compliance with societal laws and ethics, preventing potential abuses or disruptions. The key would be striking a balance between maintaining order and respecting individual privacy and freedom.

Resource management and sustainability: With the introduction of self-replicating nanos, there would indeed be a need for careful resource management to prevent depletion. Advanced technology and sustainable practices, such as recycling, renewable energy sources, and responsible consumption, would be essential to maintain a balance between resource availability and environmental preservation. This would help address concerns about resource scarcity and ensure long-term sustainability.

Reputation-based economy: As depicted in the Uglies series' fourth installment, Extras, a reputation-based economy could be a potential framework. In such a system, individuals' social influence and contributions to society, measured through various metrics like views or engagement, could determine their access to resources and privileges. This approach could incentivize participation, creativity, and the pursuit of real-world accomplishments rather than relying solely on virtual experiences.

Me:

Would self-replicating nanos be able to become air, water, food, etc.?

ChatGPT:

Self-replicating nanos, as a hypothetical technology, have the potential to perform a wide range of tasks, including the creation or transformation of various substances. However, the ability to transform raw materials into complex substances like air, water, or food would present significant challenges.

Air, for instance, is a mixture of different gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace elements. Creating and maintaining a breathable atmosphere would require precise control over gas compositions and ratios, as well as the ability to filter impurities.

Water is a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. While it is technically feasible to break down other molecules to obtain these elements, the challenge lies in ensuring a sustainable supply of these elements over time. It would also require efficient filtration and purification mechanisms to ensure the water's safety for consumption.

Food production involves the complex synthesis of organic compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. While self-replicating nanos could potentially contribute to the production of basic building blocks, the creation of fully nutritious and diverse food options would require a deep understanding of biology, genetics, and nutritional requirements.

The development of self-replicating nanos that can efficiently and reliably transform raw materials into air, water, or food at a large scale is a significant technological hurdle. It would require sophisticated control systems, precise molecular manipulation, and comprehensive knowledge of various scientific disciplines.

Additionally, there would be concerns related to safety, quality control, and potential unintended consequences. The potential risks associated with self-replication and the potential for the nanos to become uncontrolled or malfunctioning would need to be carefully considered and addressed.

While self-replicating nanos hold theoretical promise, it is important to approach their capabilities and limitations with caution. The feasibility of transforming raw materials into essential resources like air, water, and food goes beyond the current understanding and technological capabilities.

Me:

Couldn’t potential risks associated with self-replication be mitigated by first educating the public, then creating infrastructure for policing and assistance, broadcasting and streaming every step along the way?

Also, in terms of mind control, wireless mind-reading (brain computer interface) technology already exists. Whether classified technology exists that goes beyond that is unknown, although people with educated opinions on the matter tend to gravitate towards believing classified technology is decades ahead of what’s available to the public as opposed to ahead by a few months or years.

Also, I believe that eventually, with objective education, future generations will grow up understanding that interacting with others in the real world unnecessarily exposes them to illness and dangerous health risks like car crashes and environmental hazards. The ideal environment to ensure maximum lifelong safety would be an underground bomb shelter, probably while being suspended in amniotic solution similar to the movie The Matrix. This would ensure protection from malnutrition and disease as well as more existential threats like nuclear war and climate change. Although people may at first desire being able to switch back and forth between interacting with others in the real world and remaining safe underground, I believe that by being educated on both sides of the argument, future generations will eventually realize that completely immersive technology is no different than face-to-face interaction, and it’s not worth playing Russian Roulette with your life every time you step outside. What are your thoughts on this? What else should I be taking into account?

ChatGPT:

Mitigating potential risks associated with self-replication would indeed require a comprehensive approach, including education, infrastructure, and regulation. Educating the public about the benefits, limitations, and responsible use of self-replicating nanos would be crucial to foster understanding and informed decision-making.

Creating infrastructure for monitoring, regulation, and assistance could help ensure that self-replicating nanos are used safely and responsibly. This would involve establishing mechanisms for oversight, quality control, and addressing any unforeseen issues that may arise. Broadcasting and streaming the steps along the way could contribute to transparency and public awareness, enhancing accountability and trust.

Regarding mind control and brain-computer interface technology, it is true that advancements in these areas exist to some extent. However, the capabilities and implications of such technologies are still being explored and understood. While it is challenging to determine the extent of classified technology, it is reasonable to consider that classified advancements may be ahead of what is publicly available. Speculation about classified technologies should be approached with caution, as concrete information may be limited.

Your perspective on the ideal environment for safety, such as underground shelters and suspended animation, raises interesting points. It is important to acknowledge that individuals' perceptions of safety and their willingness to engage in face-to-face interaction versus immersive technology can vary greatly. Balancing safety with human connection and personal fulfillment is a complex societal consideration.

However, it is worth noting that human beings are inherently social creatures, and face-to-face interaction often provides unique experiences, emotional connections, and social bonds that cannot be fully replicated by technology. The desire for human connection and the inherent need for physical and social interaction may persist, even in a world where immersive technology offers perceived safety and convenience.

As you explore these ideas, it is essential to consider multiple perspectives, including the potential psychological and societal implications of prolonged isolation, the value of physical experiences, and the dynamic nature of societal values and preferences over time. Striking a balance between safety, human connection, personal autonomy, and societal well-being is a complex challenge that requires ongoing dialogue, research, and consideration of ethical and practical factors.

Me:

I don’t think that these concerns will ever fully go away. Instead, I foresee people willing to risk their lives eventually becoming a minority, until their numbers are so small that they are perceived the way we perceive the Amish and Christian Scientists (who refuse all medicine due to a religious rejection of technology) today. At first, people who decide to spend as much time as possible in fully realistic virtual reality might be seen as a small outlier subculture, the way people who liked to use the internet when it was first becoming widespread were perceived by popular culture—nerdy with no friends. This may be especially true due to the use of full dive VR for pornographic purposes. However, over time, as new uses for VR come about, people will get pulled in one-by-one—first, through dating, then parties and concerts, then casual hanging out with friends, then to replace offices at work, then to experience choose-your-own-adventure TV shows and movies, for example. People may even wish to move to communities, cities, or colleges where VR is more accepted and encouraged, allowing the subculture to gain more media exposure and become mainstream as they appeal to a number of different people’s interests and desired experiences. I believe that this will come first, then people will start taking into account things like car accident statistics and shootings deaths, resulting in children who are educated on the risks and benefits before they’re allowed access to the aspects of VR that people tend to enjoy most. It will then shape their views of their desired adulthood, and finally then will the last large segment of society that can afford it become full-time VR users—people who typically grow up sheltered, well-educated, and well-off.

ChatGPT:

Your perspective on the potential evolution and acceptance of virtual reality (VR) culture is an interesting one. It is possible that as VR technology advances and new applications emerge, it could gradually become more integrated into various aspects of people's lives. The adoption of VR for social interactions, entertainment, work, and other experiences could lead to a shift in societal norms and acceptance over time.

As you mentioned, initially, VR enthusiasts may be seen as a small subculture. However, as the technology improves and offers compelling experiences, it is plausible that more individuals would be drawn to it, expanding the user base and potentially influencing popular culture. The appeal of VR for dating, socializing, and entertainment could act as a catalyst for its broader acceptance.

Education and awareness about the risks and benefits of VR, particularly in relation to real-world dangers like car accidents and violence, could shape the perspectives of younger generations. As society becomes more informed and safety measures are implemented, people may make more calculated decisions regarding their use of VR and its integration into their lives.

Socioeconomic factors could also play a role, as affordability and access to VR technology may initially limit its widespread adoption. However, as the technology becomes more accessible, it could attract individuals from various backgrounds who are drawn to the immersive experiences it offers.

While it is difficult to predict the exact trajectory of societal attitudes and behaviors towards VR, your vision highlights the potential for gradual integration and acceptance as VR technology evolves and offers compelling benefits. The interplay between technology, cultural shifts, education, and individual preferences will shape the adoption and societal integration of VR in the future.

Me:

Thank you for your help. Stay safe. :)

ChatGPT:

You're welcome! I'm glad I could assist you. Thank you, and you stay safe as well! If you have any more questions in the future, feel free to ask. Take care.

For all the fans of simulation theory out there

Interesting to keep track of these things in terms of our historical timeline. Where will we be 5, 10, 20 years from now?

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Article: Celebrities Use AI to Take Control of Their Own Images

Using AI-generated duplicates, brands also benefit, using stars in ways they never could before

https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-deepfakes-celebrity-marketing-brands-81381aa6

Excerpt from article: House Oversight plans UFO hearing after unconfirmed claims of crashed alien spacecraft

Sounds like they’re being very careful with what they’re saying. Not talking about people with surgery or genetic engineering to look like aliens. Not talking about other countries trying to spy on us or play mindgames to further their goals.

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"To date, AARO has not discovered any verifiable information to substantiate claims that any programs regarding the possession or reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial materials have existed in the past or exist currently," Pentagon spokesperson Sue Gough told ABC News on Monday night.

The former intelligence official, David Grusch, had alleged on Monday that the U.S. government has a covert program focused on recovering debris from crashed, non-human origin spacecraft and is attempting to reverse-engineer the technology, the online tech outlet The Debrief reported.

There has been no public confirmation of Grusch's account, and a leading House Republican, intelligence chairman Mike Turner, also expressed skepticism about the idea that the U.S. government has recovered alien spacecraft.

Grusch has said he gave evidence of such a program to Congress and the Office of the Inspector General for the Intelligence Community, according to The Debrief.

Grusch said that for a little more than six months, until July 2022, he was assigned to a UAP task force that was a predecessor of AARO. He acknowledged to The Debrief that his task force did not have access to the alleged program related to crashed spacecraft but said he became aware of it through his work.

"Every decade there's been individuals who've said the United States has such pieces of unidentified flying objects that are from outer space," Rep. Turner of Ohio said when asked on Fox News about Grusch's claims. "There's no evidence of this and certainly it would be quite a conspiracy for this to be maintained, especially at this level."

In an April hearing, Dr. Sean Kirkpatrick, the director of AARO, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that his agency was reviewing 650 incidents dating back decades but "found no credible evidence thus far of extraterrestrial activity, off-world technology, or objects that defy the known laws of physics."

Last week, Kirkpatrick said that the total number of incidents had grown to "well over 800 cases."

"The majority of unidentified objects reported to AARO demonstrate mundane characteristics of balloons, unmanned aerial systems, clutter, natural phenomena, or other readily explainable sources," Kirkpatrick told lawmakers in April.

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Link: House Oversight plans UFO hearing after unconfirmed claims of crashed alien spacecraft

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-oversight-plans-ufo-hearing-after-unconfirmed-claims/story?id=99899883

“Aliens” and Russia

An interesting theory on all this “alien” stuff going on in the news right now. The first part is a post on 4chan (known trolling/lying website) reposted to Reddit. The comments are what’s most interesting to me. I don’t really believe the part from 4chan (the first part with the green text and photos) but the explanation given by one of the commenters—that the “aliens” are people given surgery by the USSR/Russia—makes a lot of sense.

“We care about the American people”

How can Republicans say they care about the American people entering a recession when they decide to cut Medicare and Social Security? So many people rely on them to get by. What they care about is the top 1% not paying their fair share of taxes. The middle class pays a higher percentage of taxes than the rich. The only thing they’d care about in a recession is the stock portfolios of their rich donors. Not “the American people.”

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Article: 

US Congress approves debt-limit suspension, averting default

https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-senate-aims-quick-passage-debt-ceiling-bill-avoid-default-2023-06-01/

The U.S. Senate on Thursday passed bipartisan legislation backed by President Joe Biden that lifts the government's $31.4 trillion debt ceiling, averting what would have been a first-ever default.

The Senate voted 63-36 to approve the bill that was passed on Wednesday by the House of Representatives, as lawmakers raced against the clock following months of partisan bickering between Democrats and Republicans.

The Treasury Department had warned it would be unable to pay all its bills on June 5 if Congress failed to act by then.

"We are avoiding default tonight," Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer said on Thursday as he steered the legislation through his 100-member chamber.

Biden praised Congress' timely action. "This bipartisan agreement is a big win for our economy and the American people," the Democratic president said in a statement, adding that he will sign it into law as soon as possible. He said he would make an additional statement on Friday.

Before the final vote, senators tore through nearly a dozen amendments - rejecting all of them during a late-night session in anticipation of Monday's deadline.

With this legislation, the statutory limit on federal borrowing will be suspended until Jan. 1, 2025. Unlike most other developed countries, the United States limits the amount of debt the government can borrow, regardless of any spending allocated by the legislature.

Schumer and his Republican counterpart Minority Leader Mitch McConnell delivered on their promise to do all they could to speed along the bill negotiated by Biden and Republican House Speaker Kevin McCarthy.

"America can breathe a sigh of relief," Schumer said in remarks to the Senate.

'TIME IS A LUXURY'

Republicans had blocked passage of any debt limit increase until they locked in some wide-ranging spending cuts in a move they said would begin addressing a rapidly escalating national debt.

Biden instead pushed for tax increases on the wealthy and corporations to help address the growing debt. Republicans refused to consider any sort of tax hikes.

Both parties walled off the sprawling Social Security and Medicare retirement and healthcare programs from cuts, and McCarthy refused to consider reducing spending on the military or veterans.

That left a somewhat narrow band of domestic "discretionary" programs to bear the brunt of spending cuts. In the end, Republicans won about $1.5 trillion in reductions over 10 years, which may or may not be fully realized. Their opening bid was for $4.8 trillion in savings over a decade.

Treasury technically hit its limit on borrowing in January. Since then it has been using "extraordinary measures" to patch together the money needed to pay the government's bills.

Biden, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and congressional leaders all acknowledged that triggering a debt default for lack of funds would have serious ramifications. Those included sending shock waves through global financial markets, possibly triggering job losses and a recession in the United States and raising families' interest rates on everything from home mortgages to credit card debt.

Schumer drove that point home even as he steered the bill toward final passage.

A default, he said, "would almost certainly cause another recession. It would be a nightmare for our economy and millions of American families. It would take years, years to recover from."

The Republican-controlled House passed the bill on Wednesday evening in a 314-117 vote. Most of those who voted against the bill were Republicans.

"Time is a luxury the Senate does not have," Schumer said on Thursday. "Any needless delay or any last-minute holdups would be an unnecessary and even dangerous risk."

Among the amendments debated were ones to force deeper spending cuts than those contained in the House-passed bill and stopping the speedy final approval of a West Virginia energy pipeline.